Figure 2. Wheelchair Work Values for Straight Propulsion

The bar graph shows work values (vertical axis) for various surfaces (horizontal axis), compared to work to wheel on ramps of various slopes. Work, in Newton-meters, for ramps is: 35.5 for 3%, 44.5 for 4%, 53.5 for 5%, and 71.6 for 7%.

Work for various surfaces is:

Figure 3. Wheelchair Work Values for Turning

The bar graph shows work values (vertical axis) for various surfaces (horizontal axis), compared to work to turn on ramps of various slopes. Work, in Newton-meters, for ramps is: 26.2 for 3%, 33.1 for 4%, 40.0 for 5%, and 53.7 for 7%.

Figure 4. Rotational Penetrometer Firmness Measurements

The bar graph shows displacement in inches, as measured by the rotational penetrometer, on the vertical axis for various surfaces (horizontal axis).  Suggested criteria for "firm" is a displacement depth of less than 0.3 inches; "moderately firm" is 0.3 to 0.5 inches; "not firm" is greater than 0.5 inches 

Figure 5. Rotational Penetrometer Stability Measurements

The bar graph shows measurement with the penetrometer of stability as displacement in inches on the vertical axis, for various materials. Suggested criteria for "stable" is a displacement depth of less than 0.5 inch; "moderately stable is 0.5 to 1.0 inch; "not stable is greater than 1.0 inch.

Figure 6. Rotational Penetrometer Firmness Measurement for Dry and Wet Surfaces

The bar graph shows displacement in inches, as measured by the rotational penetrometer, on the vertical axis for various wet and dry surfaces (horizontal axis).  Suggested criteria for "firm" is a displacement depth of less than 0.3 inches; "moderately firm" is 0.3 to 0.5 inches; "not firm" is greater than 0.5 inches

Figure 7. Rotational Penetrometer Stability Measurements for Wet and Dry Surfaces

The bar graph shows measurement with the penetrometer of stability as displacement in inches on the vertical axis, for various wet and dry materials. Suggested criteria for "stable" is a displacement depth of less than 0.5 inch; "moderately stable is 0.5 to 1.0 inch; "not stable is greater than 1.0 inch.

Figure 8. Average Energy Consumption for All Subjects Combined

The bar graph plots energy consumption, on the vertical avis, as average milliliters of oxygen used per kilogram per meter for various surfaces, and notes the number of subjects who completed the test (total subjects = 39). The actual oxygen consumption is not given, but can be approximated from the graph.

Figure 9. Average Energy Consumption for Subjects with No Disability (NoDis), Ambulatory with Limited Mobility (AwLM), and Ambulatory with Assistive Devices (AwAD)

The bar graph plots energy consumption, on the vertical axis, as average milliliters of oxygen used per kilogram per meter for various surfaces, for each group. The actual oxygen consumption is not given, but can be approximated from the graph.

Figure !0. Average Energy Consumption for Subjects with No Disability (NoDis) and Manual Wheelchair Users (Wc)

The bar graph plots energy consumption, on the vertical axis, as average milliliters of oxygen used per kilogram per meter for various surfaces, for each group. The actual oxygen consumption is not given, but can be approximated from the graph.