ADAAG, as issued under titles of the ADA (II and III) covering public access, makes a distinction between public or common use areas, which must be fully accessible, and areas used only by employees as work areas. Access is required to, not fully within, work areas in part because the ADA (title I) treats access for employees with disabilities as an accommodation made when the need arises. Employee spaces used for purposes other than job-related tasks (breakrooms, lounges, parking, shower and locker rooms, etc.) are considered "common use" and are required to be fully accessible. Work areas that also function as public use space, such as patient exam rooms, must be fully accessible for public access; fixtures and controls within used only by employees are not required to comply.
In a health care facility for example, spaces used by the public typically include waiting and reception areas, exam and diagnostic rooms, doctors’ offices, and restrooms. Breakrooms and employee restrooms are considered common use areas and are required to be fully accessible although restrooms serving the individual of a specific space, such as a doctor’s office, are permitted to be "adaptable" (i.e., designed so that certain elements can be added or altered for access after construction). Areas used only by employees as work areas include business or administrative offices and the receptionist side of counters, research facilities, supply rooms and laboratories.
Work areas must be accessible for "approach, entry, and exit," which means location on an accessible route so that people using wheelchairs can enter and back out of the space. This includes accessible entry doors or gates. Recommendations: Space for turning within the work area and interior maneuvering clearances at doors, while not required, should be considered, especially where entrapment may be a concern (i.e., entry doors with closers); interior door clearances are recommended where space for full entry and turning is available within a work area. Maneuvering space and accessible or adaptable elements (e.g, work surfaces) will facilitate accommodation of employees. For this reason, it is recommended that where multiple work stations of the same type are provided (e.g., ticket and toll booths) at least 5 percent be fully accessible.
Sections 4.1.2 and 4.1.3 indicate which areas or elements of exterior sites and buildings are required to meet ADAAG's technical criteria in new construction. Compliance is required except where "structurally impracticable," a term intended to cover unique characteristics of the terrain that effectively prevent full compliance (e.g., structures built in flood plains that must be raised on stilts). Provisions in 4.1.2 and 4.1.3 are discussed in the relevant technical sections.
Each addition to an existing building is regarded as an alteration subject to ADAAG alterations requirements (including triggering of path of travel obligations, if applicable). To the extent that a space or element is newly constructed as part of an addition, it is also regarded as new construction and must comply with the applicable new construction provisions of ADAAG. Certain allowances made on the basis of technical infeasibility are permitted in alterations, but not in new construction. They are intended to cover portions of existing buildings altered in an addition, but not those portions that are newly built.
ADAAG sets minimum requirements for accessibility in alterations. New construction technical criteria are applied to the each element or space altered where technically feasible. Compliance can be followed on an element-by-element basis, except where the work amounts to full alteration of a room or space, in which case the room or space must be made fully accessible. For example, if a toilet room renovation is limited to replacement of a lavatory and reflooring, then the new lavatory and floor must comply; where the work is more extensive and also involves moving walls and stall partitions, then the room itself must be brought into full compliance. Compliance is required in either case to the maximum extent it is "technically feasible." As defined in ADAAG, this covers existing structural or space constraints that prohibit compliance, such as removing or altering a load-bearing member of the structural frame. Other examples might include:
Provisions in 4.1.6(1) clarify compliance in relation to certain elements. New construction scoping remains the basis so that compliance in an alteration is not interpreted as requiring a higher level of access. For example, 4.1.6(1) describes the type of work that triggers provision of vertical access between floors (major structural modification resulting from replacement or addition of stairs or escalators); this does not apply to buildings that would be exempt from the requirement for an elevator in new construction (the exemption is repeated in the alterations section).
If alterations are made to an area containing a primary function, an accessible "path of travel" is required which means a continuous route connecting the altered area to an entrance, including phones, restrooms, and drinking fountains that, where provided, serve the altered area. Since this may involve modifications outside the intended alteration, compliance is required to the extent it is not "disproportionate" to the cost of alterations to the primary function area; "disproportionality" is defined in the DOJ rule (section 36.403) as costing more than 20% of the cost of the alteration to the primary function area. This rule and the DOJ technical assistance manual for title III provide important information on this requirement, including the definition of key terms.
Section 4.1.6(3) recognizes certain allowances where technical feasibility is encountered, such as steeper slopes for short ramps. Special provisions also address stairs, elevators, doors, toilet rooms, assembly areas, platform lifts, and dressing rooms. These provisions are discussed in the relevant technical chapters of this manual
ADAAG covers historic properties in the context of planned renovations to qualified historic facilities, including those subject to the National Historic Preservation Act. "Qualified historic facilities" are facilities listed in the National Register of Historic Places or facilities designated as historic under state or local law. Alterations to such facilities are required to be done in full compliance with the alteration requirements for other types of buildings. However, if following the usual requirements would threaten or destroy the historic significance of a feature of the building, alternative criteria in 4.1.7(3) may be used. These requirements address accessible routes, ramps, entrances, toilet rooms, access between floors, and displays. The decision to use these alternative requirements must be made in consultation with the appropriate advisory board designated in 4.1.7(2).
Clear width, surface texture, running and cross slope, and the treatment of changes in level help determine the usability of walking surfaces by people with mobility impairments. At least one accessible route within the boundary of sites must connect accessible building entrances to:
An accessible route is not required to connect directly to site boundaries not bordered by a pedestrian way (e.g., where site entry is by vehicle only). Recommendations: Where transit stops are not located within site boundaries, accessible routes should be configured to connect with public rights-of-way to provide convenient access between them and the site. It is important that accessible routes coincide with general routes to the greatest degree possible for equality and convenience. Where an alternate route is necessary for access, travel distances from the general route need to be minimized. Signage may be necessary along routes to minimize confusion or back-tracking.
At least one accessible route is required to connect building, facilities, elements, and spaces that are on the same site. Recommendation: Accessible routes can cross vehicular ways but it is recommended that they be marked as a pedestrian crossing.
A continuous minimum clear width of 36 inches is required for accessible routes, but a reduction to 32 inches is allowed for a linear distance of no more than 24 inches (e.g., a doorway). However, the minimum width of hallways and corridors is often further determined by ADAAG requirements for clear floor space at elements such as drinking fountains, door maneuvering clearances, and turns around obstructions. Wheelchair passing space at least 60 by 60 inches must be provided at reasonable intervals that do not exceed 200 feet.
The 80 inch minimum vertical clearance applies not only to accessible routes but to all circulation routes (see 4.4.2). Eighty-inch doors, including those equipped with closers, are considered acceptable under this requirement.
Accessible routes do not necessarily have to be paved, but must be "firm, stable, and slip-resistant" so that they are safe and usable by people who use wheelchairs or who walk with difficulty. Since there are no uniform test procedures or measurable values for these characteristics (except for slip-resistance), acceptable and unacceptable materials are not easy to categorize. Also, compaction, consolidants, grid forms and other treatments often make a difference in the usability of a certain material. In developing various outdoor environments, consultation with people with disabilities, including local groups and officials, can be helpful in determining acceptable designs and surface materials.
Requirements in 4.3, while based on the expectation of level floors, apply equally to exterior sites. Where the running slope of an accessible route exceeds 5% it must be treated as a ramp or curb ramp.
A maximum cross slope of 2% is recognized for drainage. Steep cross slopes make travel by wheelchairs, including many power chairs, difficult by causing front casters to veer. They also disrupt the balance of force used in propelling both wheels of manual chairs.
ADAAG addresses drop-offs along ramps and ramp landings but not along other portions of accessible routes or circulation paths. While building codes address drop-offs over certain depths, even shallow drop-offs can disrupt access along narrow routes when a wheelchair slips off the edge. Deeper drop-offs can pose a tipping hazard. Recommendation: At narrow routes in particular, consider maintenance of adjacent surfaces as raised or flush or wider route widths in consideration of minimum maneuvering and passage requirements (i.e., at least 48 inches is considered necessary for a person walking and a person using a wheelchair to pass). For deep drop-offs along level routes, requirements for ramps can be used as a guide in providing adequate edge protection.
Accessible means of egress are required according to the number of exits provided to meet the building or life safety code. Accessible "means of egress" include exit access, exits, and exit discharge. Stairs, steps, and escalators cannot be part of an accessible means of egress. In multi-story buildings where stories are located above or below the level of exit discharge, evacuation elevators can be used as part of an accessible means of egress. Otherwise, in new construction, ADAAG requires areas of rescue assistance unless the building is equipped with a supervised automated sprinkler system.
Areas of rescue assistance are fire-rated spaces where people unable to use stairs can await evacuation assistance from emergency personnel. Communication devices in these areas connected to the primary entry (or other approved location) provide indication of where this assistance is needed. Areas of rescue assistance are not required in alterations, non-occupiable spaces, open-air structures, or buildings equipped with "supervised automated sprinkler systems," which are systems with built-in signals used to monitor system features (the opening and closing of water control valves, the power supplies of needed pumps, water tank levels, etc.) and to indicate conditions that will impair satisfactory operation. Section 4.3.11 outlines specific areas that may be designed as an area of rescue assistance, including stairway landings, exit balconies, and corridors. Because exit stairs are often required to be fire resistant by fire or life safety codes, areas of rescue assistance are often located at landings.
Wheelchair spaces must be located outside required exit widths. The minimum 48 inch width, measured between the leading edge of handrails, provides clearance for assisted evacuation. This requirement applies to stairs adjacent to areas of rescue assistance, not necessarily those required to comply with 4.9. Recommendation: While requirements in 4.9 (i.e., for treads, risers, nosings, and handrails) apply only where stairs are the only means of connection between floors, such as in buildings without elevators, compliance is still a good idea since elevators typically cannot be used in emergencies.
Other spaces, such as individual offices, can be designed and constructed according to these specifications and used as an area of rescue assistance where approved by the appropriate local authority. ADAAG also recognizes horizontal exits when constructed in accordance with local building code, as an alternative to areas of rescue assistance.
The two-way communication system must be equipped with both audible signals (for people with vision impairments) and visual signals (for people with hearing impairments) and cannot operate solely through voice communication. Audible signals can include voice output or recorded messages. A button that lights to indicate that help is on the way when the call is answered is an acceptable visual signal.
The "AREA OF RESCUE ASSISTANCE" label and access symbol must be illuminated where fire/ life safety codes require illuminated exit signs. This label as well as directional signage at inaccessible exits and instructions on using the space are subject to requirements for character proportion (4.30.2) and height (4.30.3) and sign finish and contrast (4.30.5). Requirements for tactile (raised and braille) signage apply to exits and other designations of "permanent rooms and spaces." These requirements address raised and braille characters (4.30.4), finish and contrast (4.30.5), and mounting location and height (4.30.6).
Requirements in 4.4 are based on standard cane techniques used by people with vision impairments. There are two principal techniques: the touch technique and the diagonal technique. People are often trained to use both. The touch technique involves arcing the cane side to side to detect points beyond both shoulders and is often used in uncontrolled areas. The diagonal technique involves holding the cane in a stationary position diagonally across the body with the bottom tip at the ground beyond one shoulder and the grip extending beyond the other shoulder. This technique is generally used in certain controlled and familiar environments. The standard sweep of canes allows detection of objects with leading edges up to 27 inches from the floor.
Requirements for protruding objects apply to all circulation routes, including both accessible and inaccessible routes and include corridors, walks, courtyards, stairways, and areas of circulation.
Proper cane and service animal techniques allow people to walk along a corridor or path without bumping into walls. Overhangs that are above cane sweep height may protrude 4 inches without being hazardous. Objects within the sweep of canes (at or below 27 inches) or above 80 inches can protrude any amount. Wing walls, side partitions, and alcoves or recesses can be used for elements such as drinking fountains with their bottom edges above 27 inches. Fixed elements or barriers can provide detection below objects not required to have knee or toe clearance.
Where objects are mounted above 27 inches from the ground or floor, overhangs are limited to 12 inches. This is based on standard measures for cane sweep. Objects with leading edges at or below 27 inches or above 80 inches can protrude any amount.
Circulation paths must provide at least 80 inches of vertical clearance. Otherwise fixed barriers detectable by canes must define areas with less clearance. Gates, rails, curbs, and other fixed elements, such as planters, can serve as barriers. This is important at open stairways and along sloped walls.
Requirements in 4.5 apply to accessible routes and spaces, including ramps, elevators, platform lifts, and clear floor space. These requirements apply to interior and exterior accessible routes and spaces.
Many variables affect the performance of a given walking surface, including slope and cross slope, its material, jointing, texture, and finish, the presence of moisture or contaminants, the material that contacts it and the method of ambulation. Design guidelines cannot encompass all criteria contributing to the safety of a walking surface. ADAAG addresses surface material, texture, and finish and requires them to be "stable," "firm," and "slip resistant." No standard or method of measurement exists for these characteristics except for slip resistance.
A "stable" surface is one that is not permanently changed by ordinary contaminants or applied force so that when a contaminant or force is removed, the surface returns to its original condition under normal use. A "firm" surface is resistant to deformation by indentations or particles moving on or across it.
Slip-resistance is based on the frictional force necessary to keep a shoe heel or crutch tip from slipping on a walking surface under conditions likely to be found on the surface. The static coefficient of friction provides a close approximation of a surface’s slip resistance. ADAAG does not require compliance with a specified level of slip resistance since the static coefficient of friction, which can be measured in several ways, varies according to the measuring method used. (Recommended levels in the ADAAG appendix of 0.6 for level surfaces and 0.8 for ramps are advisory, not mandatory). Affected industries (floor finishes, ceramic tile, and plumbing fixtures) each employ a different testing method in designating the slip resistance of their products. In the absence of any specified means of measuring slip resistance, materials and products can be specified according to the values determined within the industry. ADAAG is not interpreted as prohibiting use of specific materials since texturing or other treatments may sufficiently enhance slip resistance, though some alternatives, such as applied surfaces, will require greater maintenance (reapplication) than others. Recommendation: Slip resistance should be specified according to the conditions likely to be found on the surface. Exterior routes and spaces that are not protected, lobbies and entrances, bathing facilities and other areas where floor surfaces are often wet, should have a higher level of slip resistance.
Materials such as gravel, wood chips, or sand which are often used for outdoor walkways are neither firm or stable nor are they generally considered slip resistant. However, some natural surfaces, such as compacted earth, soil treated with consolidants, or materials stabilized and retained by permanent or temporary geotextiles (mesh), gridforms, or similar construction may perform satisfactorily for persons using wheelchairs and walking aids.
Vertical changes in level up to ¼ inch are permitted without treatment along accessible routes. Changes in level ¼ to ½ inch must be beveled with a slope no greater than 1:2. Changes in level greater than ½ inch where the slope is more than 5% must be treated as a curb ramp [4.7] or ramp [4.8].
Carpeting can significantly increase the amount of force needed to propel a wheelchair over a surface. Studies show that the level of roll resistance of carpet, even low-pile carpet that is properly secured, is considerably higher than the roll resistance of firmer surfaces such as concrete and linoleum. The firmer the carpeting (and backing), the lower the roll resistance. A pile thickness up to ½ inch (measured to the backing, cushion, or pad) is allowed, although a lower pile provides easier wheelchair maneuvering. If a backing, cushion or pad is used, it must be firm. Recommendation: Preferably, carpet pad should not be used because the soft padding increases roll resistance.
There should be minimum movement, none if possible, between the cushion or pad and the carpet. In high traffic areas, where this attachment may loosen or where a thick soft (plush) cushion or pad is used, wheelchair travel can become very difficult. Secure attachment to the floor is important to prevent buckling or warping. Trim is required along the full length of any exposed edges. This helps keep carpet from curling which can pose a tripping hazard and make wheelchair traffic difficult. The trim must meet requirements for changes in level.
Recommendation: ADAAG does not contain provisions for carpet that is not permanently fixed, such as matting placed in lobbies during inclement weather. Where used, it is recommended that they meet the pile height and trim requirements for fixed carpeting, have firm tapered edges for smooth transitions, be firm enough to minimize buckling or rolling and have an underside material or texture that grips the floor.
Gratings can pose a hazard by catching or entrapping the tips of crutches and walkers or narrow wheels of a wheelchair. The spacing between grates and orientation to the direction of travel can reduce these risks. ADAAG requires a maximum opening dimension of ½ inch in one direction and that elongated openings be placed so that the long dimension is perpendicular to the dominant direction of travel. These requirements apply to gratings located in any walking surface, including courtyards and plazas, not just those on accessible routes.
Recommendation: ADAAG does not specifically address other types of openings or gaps in ground or floor surfaces, such as those between pavers or at expansion joints. Irregular paved surfaces where joint surfaces may be recessed below the level of the paving unit can disrupt wheelchair maneuvering even if the differences in level are less than ¼ inch. The ½ inch horizontal maximum specified for gratings is a good rule of thumb for these openings as well. Gaps or openings wider than ½ inch should be avoided or else treated, especially where they run parallel to a direction of travel.
Accessible parking and passenger loading zones require aisles alongside parking and pull-up spaces so that persons using mobility aids can transfer and maneuver to and from vehicles. Wider aisles are necessary to accommodate vans equipped with lifts, which are often mounted on the side but sometimes the back. Accessibility also includes the appropriate designation and location of spaces and passenger loading zones, their connection to an accessible route, and vertical clearance for vans.
Accessible spaces are required for visitor and employee lots according to the number provided in each lot. On sites with multiple lots, this number is still calculated lot-by-lot, even where accessible spaces required for one lot are located in another. Standard spaces must have an access aisle at least 5 feet wide, while those that provide van access must have an access aisle at least 8 feet wide.
| Minimum Number of Accessible Parking Spaces | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Lot Total | Standard Spaces | Van Spaces | Total Accessible |
| 1 - 25 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 26 - 50 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 51- 75 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 76 - 100 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 101 - 150 | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 151 - 200 | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 201 - 300 | 6 | 1 | 7 |
| 301 - 400 | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 401 - 500 | 7 | 2 | 9 |
| 501 - 550 | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| 551 - 600 | 10 | 2 | 12 |
| 601 - 650 | 11 | 2 | 13 |
| 651 - 700 | 12 | 2 | 14 |
| 701 - 750 | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 751 - 800 | 14 | 2 | 16 |
| 801 - 850 | 14 | 3 | 17 |
| 851 - 900 | 15 | 3 | 18 |
| 901 - 950 | 16 | 3 | 19 |
| 951 - 1000 | 17 | 3 | 20 |
| 1001 - 1100 | 18 | 3 | 21 |
| 1101 - 1200 | 19 | 2 | 22 |
| 1201 - 1300 | 20 | 3 | 23 |
| 1301 - 1400 | 21 | 3 | 24 |
| 1401 - 1500 | 21 | 4 | 25 |
Note: Since spaces can share aisles, two van spaces can be provided instead of one without any space impact.
Vans with lifts are popular among people who use wheelchairs because they can eliminate the need to transfer from mobility aids. At least one of every eight accessible spaces must be van-accessible. Their use however is not restricted to vans only. The number of van spaces is based on the total number of accessible spaces provided in a lot. Recommendation: Where accessible spaces are dispersed within a lot, consider providing van access at each location. Since spaces can share an aisle, two van spaces can be provided instead of one without any space impact.
Lots with assigned or leased spaces are not exempt from the requirement for accessible parking. Use of accessible spaces by people without disabilities may be possible so long as access is not denied to people with disabilities as needed.
In alterations, the minimum number is based on the total number of spaces altered or added to a lot. Where a lot is not fully altered, it is recommended that the minimum number of spaces required in new construction for the entire lot be provided where the scope of work provides this opportunity. Normal maintenance is not considered an alteration unless the usability of lots or spaces is affected. For example, where a lot is resurfaced or its plan reconfigured, accessible spaces are required. Maintenance not affecting the usability of spaces, such as repainting existing striping or repairing potholes, does not trigger compliance. Full compliance is required unless it is technically infeasible, such as when providing the required number of accessible spaces will reduce the total below the number required by a local zoning or land use code. In this case, the number of accessible spaces that can be provided is required. (Many zoning boards are willing to grant limited waivers on the total number of required spaces for this purpose.)
Greater access is required at outpatient facilities (10%) and those that specialize in serving people with mobility impairments (20%) since the need for accessible parking is usually greater at these types of facilities. This is intended to apply to visitor or patient parking. Recommendation: If a lot serves more than one facility or portions of a facility not subject to this higher scoping, a local zoning code or other method can be used to determine the number of spaces that "belong" to each one, usually by square footage, occupant load, and occupancy type. For example, if a lot generally serves a hospital with an outpatient unit, the 10% requirement can be applied to the number of spaces determined for the outpatient unit and the basic scoping of the table applied to the remainder.
The term "outpatient facility" is not defined in ADAAG but is intended to cover facilities or units that provide regular and continuing medical treatment without an overnight stay which are located in "medical care facilities" (i.e., where the period of stay may exceed 24 hours and persons may need assistance in responding to an emergency). Examples include a hospital's clinic or ambulatory care center. Doctors' offices, independent clinics, or other facilities not located in "medical care facilities" (as defined in ADAAG) are not considered outpatient facilities.
The 20% scoping applies to facilities or units that specialize in providing services to people with "mobility impairments," which may include:
Examples include spinal cord injury treatment centers, prosthetic and orthotic retail establishments, and vocational rehabilitation centers for persons with mobility impairments. This provision does not apply to facilities that provide but do not specialize in these services, such as general rehabilitative counseling or physical therapy centers. In determining whether a facility is subject to this requirement, both the nature of the services or treatment provided and the population served should be considered.
Where only valet parking is provided, an accessible passenger loading zone is required. Recommendation: Provision of accessible parking spaces, though not required, is strongly encouraged. Parking attendants may not be able to operate vehicles that are specially adapted for drivers with disabilities, such as full hand control operation and removed driver seats. Also, valet service may not be available during all hours of building operation or may be discontinued. Where valet service is optional or intermittent, accessible spaces should be provided in addition to the accessible passenger loading zones.
Accessible spaces required for one lot can be located in another where equal or greater access is achieved. For example, spaces for an out-lying lot can be placed in a lot closer to the building served since accessible spaces must be located on the shortest accessible route to an accessible facility entrance. Recommendation: Accessible routes that cross vehicular ways should be marked as a crossing. Since people who use wheelchairs may not be as visible from a vehicle, it is recommended that accessible routes be configured to prevent or minimize wheelchair travel behind parked vehicles.
Accessible parking must be dispersed at buildings with multiple accessible entrances (especially important at large facilities such as malls and airports) and should be dispersed among multiple buildings on the same site even where lots are shared. In the case of strip shopping centers, however, accessible spaces are not required at each tenancy entrance, but should be dispersed to minimize travel distances.
For vans with side-mounted lifts, a combined width of almost 17 feet is often needed for the deployment and use of side-mounted lifts; ADAAG requires at least 16 feet. "Universal" parking spaces can be provided instead of separate standard and van spaces; (designated van spaces are not required under this design). Universal spaces are wider so that users can park to one side or the other as needed, including car drivers. The length of accessible spaces is not specified. Access aisles must be as long as the parking space.
A maximum slope of 2% is required in all directions for both the space and access aisle since level surfaces are important for wheelchair transfer to and from vehicles. For this reason, built-up curb ramps cannot project into access aisles. Recommendation: Connecting accessible routes should be configured so that people using wheelchairs, who may not be as visible to drivers backing out of spaces, do not have to travel behind other vehicles.
Accessible spaces must be designated by the access symbol, which can be mounted on walls, posts, or from garage ceilings so that it is not obscured by vehicles parked in the space. Recommendation: Since traffic codes often govern sign height, ADAAG does not specify a height for parking signs. A height of at least 60 inches (measured to the bottom edge) is generally advisable (taking care not to make the sign a protruding object), although a higher height is better for signs at van spaces.
ADAAG specifies the sign content and symbol/field contrast (light-on-dark or dark-on-light), but not the color or size, which may be addressed by local jurisdictions. The "Van-Accessible" designation is meant to be informative, not restrictive, in the use of van spaces. Additional signage can clarify this, which may be important in lots with only one accessible space since that space must be a van space.
The method and color of striping is not specified in ADAAG but may be addressed by local code. Access symbols on the parking surface, sometimes required locally, are obscured by vehicles parked in the space and cannot substitute for post- or wall-mounted signage. Since van access aisles can be as wide as spaces, it is important that they be clearly marked (diagonal striping is often used). Bollards or other barriers can help prevent misuse of the aisle as a space provided that they do not obstruct the connecting accessible route.
Vertical clearance of at least 98 inches is based on the height necessary for personally-owned vans. (A higher clearance (114 inches) is required for passenger loading zones to accommodate other types of transit vehicles, including vans used for shuttle service). In garages, at least one vehicular route connecting van spaces to entrances and exits must provide this clearance; van spaces can be clustered on one level. Recommendation: Directional signage, including that at entrances, can be very helpful, especially where van spaces are located in one area only.
ADAAG's requirement for an access aisle on either side of a space (they can be shared by two spaces) is based on the assumption that drivers can head in or back in as needed. While not specifically addressed in ADAAG, spaces that allow only head-in parking do not afford this same level of flexibility. Recommendation: Where possible, locate accessible spaces in areas where drivers have the option of backing in or consider providing an access aisle at each space so that in series an aisle is available on both sides, thereby allowing use of an aisle on both the driver and passenger sides.
Where zones are specifically designed for passenger loading and unloading, at least one on a site must be accessible. Recommendation: In practice however, particularly at large facilities such as airports and university campuses (which may be served by shuttles), it is recommended that passenger loading zones serving all accessible entrances be accessible.
Aisles must be at least 5 feet wide, although a wider aisle (8 feet wide minimum) is helpful at zones that serve transit vehicles with lifts or ramps. A level surface (maximum 2% slope in any direction) for both the space and aisle is important for wheelchair transfer to and from vehicles and deployment of vehicle lifts or ramps. Where aisles are flush with the pull-up space, wheelchair transfer is easier (the change in level of aisles at curb height can make transfer very difficult).
A minimum vertical clearance of 114 inches is required at passenger loading zones and along at least one vehicular route connecting accessible loading zones with site entrance and exits. This clearance is greater than the vertical clearance required for van parking since some loading zones serve transit vehicles, such as shuttle vans, that have a higher roof.
Curb ramps complying with 4.7 are required wherever an accessible route crosses a curb.
The running slope of curb ramps cannot exceed 1:12. In alterations where it is technically infeasible to meet new construction requirements, curb ramps may have a maximum slope of 1:10 if the rise does not exceed 6 inches. It is important that transitions to curb ramps be flush. Lips at the bottom of ramps, a common complaint, impede the momentum needed to propel a wheelchair up-slope. Severe counter slopes can do the same thing and cause footrests to scrape. Recommendation: While a 5% adjoining slope is allowed for drainage, gutters, and roadway crowns, this slope should be minimized wherever possible (a maximum 2% slope is preferred).
The minimum clear width of a curb ramp is 36 inches, exclusive of flared sides. Curb ramp surfaces, including flared sides, must comply with requirements in 4.5 for ground and floor surfaces be "stable, firm, and slip resistant." The cross-slope of the curb ramp (2% maximum) must be minimized because it makes wheelchair travel difficult by distributing weight and required force to one side and causing front casters to veer.
Where pedestrians cross the ramp, curb cuts are required to have side flares; sharp returns present tripping hazards. Returned curbs are acceptable where pedestrian traffic across the ramp is discouraged.
Built-up curb ramps are permitted where they do not project into vehicular traffic lanes or access aisles at parking spaces and passenger loading zones. (The surface of access aisles cannot slope more than 2% in any direction). Recommendation: Curb ramps with returned sides or concave flares are preferred over built-up curb ramps with convex flares because they provide greater edge protection.
The edges of curbs can provide a cue to people with vision impairments. Since curb ramps remove this detectable drop-off, ADAAG requires a distinctive dome patterning for the surface of curb ramps detectable by canes or by foot so that people with vision impairments could detect the transition from pedestrian area to street. The Board temporarily suspended the requirements for detectable warnings in 1994 due to concerns raised about the specifications, the availability of complying products, maintenance issues such as snow and ice removal, usefulness, and safety. The departments of Justice (DOJ) and Transportation (DOT), which maintain enforceable standards based on ADAAG, joined the Board in this action. As a result, the requirements for detectable warnings were temporarily removed from the ADA standards. The suspension expired on July 26, 2001. Consequently, the requirements for detectable warnings at curb ramps and other areas are again part of ADAAG and the enforceable standards. For additional information, see section 4.29 and an update on the status of these requirements.
It is important that parked cars, lampposts, utility poles, and other elements placed along sidewalks not obstruct connecting accessible routes. Space is needed at the top and bottom of ramps so that people using wheelchairs can align with the running slope and maneuver from ramps, including when making turns (which is difficult on sloped surfaces). At curb ramps, a landing provides the necessary connection to an accessible route. A landing with a minimum length of 48 inches will provide sufficient turning space. Where space at the top is less than 48 inches, side flares must have a maximum slope of 1:12 instead of 1:10 at the curb face.
The foot of a curb ramp must be contained within the crosswalk, where one is marked. At corners with a large radius, perpendicular curb ramps should be located so that the centerline is radial to the curb face instead of being in line with the crosswalk direction.
People using wheelchairs should not be directed into an active travel lane in order to cross stopped traffic. A landing at least 48 inches long must be provided outside the through-travel lanes if a diagonal ramp is used. Otherwise, perpendicular curb ramps should be used. In addition, a segment of straight curb at least 2 feet long must be provided on each side of the curb ramp and within the marked crossing.
At traffic islands, wheelchair space between opposing ramps is essential. If there is no level space between ramps, wheelchairs can "bottom out" or "high center" while proceeding down one ramp while the back wheels are coming up the other slope. Cut-through routes level with the street are necessary where wheelchair space between opposing ramps is not available. Islands with cut-through routes must be wide enough (48 inches minimum) to provide space for a person using a wheelchair.
Where the running slope of an accessible route is more than 5%, it is considered a ramp. Generally, changes in level up to 6 inches can be treated as a curb ramp.
Curved ramps, while not specifically addressed by ADAAG, are not considered suitable for wheelchair traffic unless the radius of curvature is large enough. The curvature and slope typically result in an uneven surface that makes wheelchair maneuvering difficult because not all wheels rest on the surface. An inner radius of curvature over 30 feet is considered necessary in order to minimize the slope differential.
Slope represents the proportion of vertical rise to horizontal length and can be represented as a ratio (as in ADAAG), percentage, pitch or in degrees.
| rise: length | percent | pitch | degree |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1:8 | 12.50% | .1250 | 7.13 |
| 1:10 | 10% | .1000 | 5.71 |
| 1:12 | 8.33% | .0833 | 4.76 |
| 1:13 | 7.69% | .0769 | 4.40 |
| 1:14 | 7.14% | .0714 | 4.09 |
| 1:15 | 6.67% | .0667 | 3.81 |
| 1:16 | 6.25% | .0625 | 3.58 |
| 1:17 | 5.88% | .0588 | 3.37 |
| 1:18 | 5.55% | .0555 | 3.18 |
| 1:19 | 5.26% | .0526 | 3.01 |
| 1:20 | 5.00% | .0500 | 2.86 |
| 1:50 | 2.00% | .0200 | 1.15 |
Slope and length greatly determine a ramp's usability. There are trade-offs between the two: a steeper slope makes the run shorter, while a more gradual slope increases the length. A maximum slope of 1:12 is specified although ADAAG calls for the "least possible" slope to encourage more gradual slopes which better serve children and people with limited stamina or upper body strength. A recent study by the Access Board ("Technical Requirements for Ramps" (1996) by the Center for Accessible Housing) indicates a significant increase in exertion occurs on ramps with slopes 1:14 or steeper. Recommendation: Consider slopes between 1:16 and 1:20 as preferred, especially at ramps with long runs. The slope should be consistent along the full length of the run. Variation above regular construction tolerances can be disruptive to wheelchair travel, especially in the ascent direction.
Steeper slopes are allowed for short ramps where a 1:12 slope is not technically feasible.
| altered facilities (including historic) | max rise 3 inches | max slope 1:8 |
| altered facilities (including historic) | max rise 6 inches | max slope 1:10 |
| qualified historic structures only | max rise 4 inches | max slope 1:6 |
The maximum length of a run is determined by the rise (30 inches maximum) and the slope:
| max rise 30 inches | slope 1:12 | max length 30 feet |
| max rise 30 inches | slope 1:13 | max length 32.5 feet |
| max rise 30 inches | slope 1:14 | max length 35 feet |
| max rise 30 inches | slope 1:15 | max length 37.5 feet |
| max rise 30 inches | slope 1:16 | max length 40 feet |
| max rise 30 inches | slope 1:17 | max length 42.5 feet |
| max rise 30 inches | slope 1:18 | max length 45 feet |
| max rise 30 inches | slope 1:19 | max length 47.5 feet |
The number of runs per ramp is not limited although the more runs a ramp has the less usable it is. While intermediate landings offer resting points, they do not reduce the amount of force people using wheelchairs must exert traveling up ramps.
The minimum clear width for ramps of 36 inches is measured between the leading edge of handrails. A maximum clear width is not specified. Recommendation: It is often advisable that ramps be wider than the minimum required where usage of the ramp may be subject to appreciable pedestrian traffic.
Landings at the top and bottom and intermediate landings, must be at least 60 inches long so maneuvering space is available for approaching ramps straight on. Landings must be at least as wide as the ramp they serve and cannot slope more than 2% in any direction. Where ramps change direction, the landing must be at least 60 by 60 inches. This applies to switchback ramps, ramps with a 90 degree turn, and angled ramps. Recommendation: Ramps and landings should be configured to facilitate maneuvering. For example, runs should be aligned along the outside landing edge, as in the case of ramps with a 90 degree turn, so that a wider turn is permitted. Handrail extensions can wrap around landings. It is recommended that landings of exterior ramps be drained so that water does not accumulate on the surface.
Landings must provide the maneuvering clearance at doors required in ADAAG 4.13. ADAAG does allow the landing to overlap maneuvering clearances at doors. Recommendation: Ramps and doors should be configured to facilitate wheelchair maneuvering and to prevent open doors from obstructing ramp openings (important along egress routes). Keeping the door swing clear of minimum landing dimensions is a good idea, especially at the bottom of ramps since people using wheelchairs may exit them with some force and speed.
Recommendation: Stairs that open onto ramp landings should be configured so that a person using a wheelchair is not required to maneuver close to the stair opening. Consider allowing additional space beyond the minimum maneuvering clearance required at doors and/or locating stair openings away from the accessible route connecting doors and ramps.
Handrails are required on both sides for ramps with a rise more than 6 inches or a horizontal length more than 72 inches. They are not required along ramps adjacent to seating in assembly areas.
ADAAG shows a diameter of 1¼ to 1½ inch for handrails. A standard IPS pipe designated as 1¼ to 1½ inch is acceptable. Since 1½ inch pipe has an outside diameter close to 2 inches, it is important that handrails mounted to walls still provide the 1½ inch (absolute) knuckle clearance. This clearance allows space for knuckles while preventing entrapment for people who lean on rails with their forearm. Handrails can be mounted to guardrails or on top of walls consistent with ADAAG specifications. The height of a guard rail (to prevent falling off the edge) is not specified by ADAAG; local building codes do, however, commonly regulate the minimum height of a guardrail at 42 inches. Because, in ADAAG, the maximum height of a handrail is 38 inches, a handrail must be installed in addition to the guardrail.
Handrails that are not continuous must have horizontal extensions at both the top and bottom of the ramp at least 12 inches long that are rounded or returned smoothly to wall, posts, or floors. Inner handrails on switchback ramps must be continuous. Handrails extensions are required on all new ramps but need not project into perpendicular circulation paths in alterations. ADAAG (Figure 17) illustrates returns to post that comply as protruding objects.
The cross slope (2% maximum) must be minimized because it makes wheelchair travel difficult by distributing more weight and required force to one side and causing front casters to veer. Ramp surfaces must comply with requirements for ground and floor surfaces in 4.5 and be "stable, firm, and slip-resistant." A specific level of slip-resistance is not mandated. It is difficult to categorize various materials as acceptable or unacceptable since surface treatments (texturing and applied coatings) can make a considerable difference. Recommendation: It is important that consideration be given to the conditions likely to be found on the surface, such as providing a higher level of slip-resistance on surfaces exposed to moisture.
Handrails alone do not necessarily provide effective edge protection for people who use wheelchairs, crutches, and other mobility aids. Curbs (or walls) are effective in keeping both wheelchairs and crutch-tips from slipping off the edge or getting caught on vertical posts. Horizontal rails are another alternative although mounting heights are not specified (the 27 inch height in ADAAG Figure 17 pertains to the return of extensions as protruding objects). A rail mounted close enough to the ramp surface to prevent passage of a 4 inch diameter sphere can function like a curb in keeping front casters from getting stuck on vertical posts and crutch-tips from slipping off the edge.
Vertical balusters can be used; intermediate spacing is not specified by ADAAG but is commonly covered by local codes. Curbs, horizontal rails, or extended platforms can help prevent crutch-tips from slipping off the edge between rails. Extended platforms, a permitted alternative, can keep crutch tips from slipping over the edge (but might not keep wheelchair casters from getting caught on vertical posts unless horizontal or vertical guard rails are also provided).
Exterior ramps must be designed so that water does not accumulate on the ramp or landing surface. A slope up to 2% is allowed at landings for adequate drainage. Wetness reduces slip resistance, which is fully characterized not only by the ramp or floor surface but by the material making contact with it. Puddling that causes shoes, wheels, or crutch tips to become wet will reduce slip resistance even where the ramp surface is dry. Water accumulation is a particular hazard where it can turn to ice. Covering ramps with a canopy or roof is not required but should be considered where wet or snowy conditions are likely.
Specifications in 4.9 benefit people who have difficulty walking or using stairs. Compliance is required where stairs are the only connection between two levels, such as between floors in buildings without elevators. Stairs do not have to comply where vertical access (ramp, elevator, or lift) is provided. In this case, compliance is still a good idea since some people with walking impairments may prefer stairs to ramps or wheelchair lifts. Also, most building codes require stairs to comply with similar requirements. Where compliance is required, 4.9 applies to all stairs between levels not connected by an accessible means.
Stairs are not considered part of an accessible route but where they are required to comply with 4.9, it is recommended that routes to them meet the requirements for accessible routes since certain specifications, such as clear width, can benefit people with walking impairments able to use stairs and those who use service animals.
ADAAG does not specify the minimum number of steps that comprise a set of "stairs." Most building codes require handrails for a certain change in level or number of steps. (In new construction, the requirement for accessible routes usually makes compliance with 4.9 optional).
The requirement for a minimum 48 inch width between handrails is specific to stairs adjacent to areas of rescue assistance and does not apply generally to stairs covered by 4.9.
Because handrails may interfere with egress where they adjoin seating and since accessible routes are required to connect to wheelchair seating locations, compliance with 4.9, including requirements for handrails, is not required at sides of stairs adjacent to seating in assembly areas.
Treads must be at least 11 inches wide and uniform. Uniformity is important not only between steps but along each step; curved stairs, where the width of each tread varies, do not meet this requirement. Variation in riser height along a set of stairs can be a tripping hazard. ADAAG requires the height to be uniform but does not specify a minimum or maximum height which is addressed by most local building codes. (The CABO/ANSI A117.1-1992 standard requires a riser height between 4 to 7 inches.)
People without full use of a leg may drag a foot when ascending stairs. A smooth transition from tread to tread is essential. Open risers and abrupt or extended nosings (i.e., projecting more than 1 ½ inches) can catch the toe. Angled or rounded nosings or sloped risers help prevent this hazard and provide a smoother transition. Straight risers without nosings are acceptable. ADAAG specifies the radius of the curvature of the leading edge of treads and the underside slope of angled or rounded nosings.
Continuous handrails are required along both sides of stairs. A center rail is not specified for wide stairways by ADAAG but may be required by local building or life safety codes.
Use of a handrail requires the formation of a power grip so that hands and fingers can be opposed and the surface of the palm can be in maximum contact with the rail surface. Large sections, particularly those of rectangular design, are not as graspable as smaller circular sections. A gripping surface width between 1¼ to 1½ inches diameter is specified. Also permitted are rails that allow an opposing grip similar to that possible with a circular section of 1¼ to 1½ inch diameter. Standard IPS pipe designated as 1¼ to 1½ inch is acceptable. (Consider a 1¼ inch specification for pipe since a 1½ inch specification may result in an outer diameter close to 2 inches.) The 1½ inch clearance between walls and handrails is an absolute dimension; it provides knuckle clearance while preventing entrapment of the arm for people who lean on rails with their forearm.
Extensions at the top provide support before the first step is made. The bottom extension is especially important in providing this support until one is fully vertical. For extensions to provide this support, they must be in line with the direction of travel on the stairs. Extensions are not required in alterations if they project into cross circulation paths. Extensions must be rounded or returned to the walls, floors, or posts. Requirements for protruding objects in 4.4 limit post-mounted overhangs to 12 inches if the leading edge is higher than 27 inches from the floor.
A requirement for detectable warnings has not been specified because of lack of data regarding effectiveness.
Elevators are required in "multi-story" facilities. There may be more than one floor level, such as a mezzanine, within a "story" but the requirement for an elevator applies to buildings with more than one story. While mezzanines and levels within a story are not counted in determining whether an elevator is required, elevators must serve mezzanines where one is required or provided anyway. Under ADAAG, a floor must contain occupiable space in order to be considered a "story." ADAAG defines "occupiable" in part as "a room or enclosed space designed for human occupancy ... which is equipped with means of egress, light, and ventilation." Thus, if a building has two floors and only one provides any occupiable space, there is no requirement for an elevator.
While elevators are the primary means of vertical access between floors, an exception is allowed for buildings that have less than three stories or less than 3,000 square feet per floor. Either condition satisfies this exception. Vertical access by other means (ramp or lift) is not required to upper stories in exempt facilities. This exception is not allowed for:
The Department of Justice (DOJ) title III regulation and technical assistance manual provide important information on this exception, including definitions of these facilities. The DOJ regulation for title II does not permit an exception for state and local government facilities.
Floors above or below the accessible floor in buildings without elevators must still fully comply with ADAAG. This is required for several reasons: some people with mobility impairments can use stairs, ADAAG addresses access for people with hearing or vision impairments as well as mobility impairments, and elevator access may be provided in future alterations or additions. Also, if toilet or bathing facilities are provided on an inaccessible level in a building that qualifies for the elevator exception, then toilet or bathing facilities must be provided on the accessible level as well.
In alterations, ADAAG does not require a level of access greater than that required in new construction. Thus, the exception from the requirement for an elevator in buildings with less than 3 stories or with less than 3,000 square feet per floor applies to altered facilities as well, including those where an area containing a "primary function" is altered. For those not exempt, ADAAG provides guidance on the type of alterations that may require vertical access between floors: major structural modifications resulting from replacement or addition of stairs or escalators. This guidance is key in determining whether an elevator is required in buildings where an alteration increases the number of stories or square footage per floor above the number recognized by the exception. In a building not exempt from the elevator requirement, vertical access may be required as part of the path of travel to altered primary function areas when the cost is not "disproportionate."
The intended scope of work and technical feasibility are key factors in determining compliance in alterations to existing elevators. For example, if the planned scope of work is limited to replacement of an elevator cab’s control panel, then at a minimum the new control panel must comply to the maximum extent feasible. Or, if an alteration involves replacing the cab but not the existing shaft, ADAAG recognizes that meeting the minimum car plan dimensions may not be technically feasible due to the existing shaft configuration; in this case, smaller cab sizes are permitted. Special provisions based on technical infeasiblity for car dimensions and automatic door reopening devices in 4.1.6(3)(c) are further discussed below.
Destination-oriented elevators are different from typical elevators in that they provide a means of indicating the desired floor at the location of the call button, usually through a key pad, instead of a control panel inside the car. Responding cars are programmed for maximum efficiency by reducing the number of stops any passenger experiences. ADAAG currently does not specifically address this type of elevator, which was not widely in use when ADAAG was first published. However, where provided destination-oriented elevators must meet the technical requirements in 4.10 as appropriate. For example, ADAAG requires audible and visual car position indicators which typically identify floors as they are passed; with destination-oriented elevators, audible and visual indicators must be provided indicating the car destination both when the car arrives in response to the call and when it arrives at the floor destination.
Elevators must comply with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators (ASME A17.1-1990). Freight elevators generally cannot be used as passenger elevators unless the only elevators planned are to be used as combination passenger and freight elevators. Such elevators are covered in the ASME A17.1 code.
The elevator must be automatically operable by the passenger. Self-leveling must correct the overtravel or undertravel of a car as it stops at a landing within a ½ inch vertical tolerance since changes in level greater than ½ inch can be troublesome for someone using a wheelchair.
These specifications apply to all hall call buttons provided, including those that serve cars that operate independently from others in the same bank or lobby. Recommendation: Buttons that are raised from the faceplate (or trim ring or ferrule) are preferred because they can be activated by other parts of the hand, not just the finger tip. (Buttons can be flush, but not recessed).
Audible signals serve people with visual impairments by indicating which car is answering the call and its travel direction. Audible signals sound once for the up direction, twice for down. Visual signals provide this information to people who are deaf or hard of hearing. At least one visible signal must serve each car. A separate fixture for each direction is not required; two-stop elevator cars can be served by one fixture that indicates car arrival. All lanterns must be visible from the vicinity of each set of call buttons serving the elevator. Up and down lantern indicators can be placed one above the other or side-by-side. More than one lantern is not required when located inside cars so long as it is visible from the vicinity of the hall call buttons. (Note that in-car lanterns increase door opening time since timing begins after doors open wide enough for the lantern to be visible).
Raised and Braille floor designations are required on both jambs, with the centerline 60 inches from the finished floor. Raised characters must be 2 inches high. Braille characters are often located below raised characters, although the location is not specified in ADAAG. Recommendation: Since Braille characters can be difficult to read if placed too close to raised characters, consider a vertical clearance of at least d inch. Raised borders can confuse tactile reading of raised characters (and Braille) and should be avoided or spaced away from raised text.
Door reopening devices must be able to detect obstructions without contact; otherwise, they can disrupt the balance of people using crutches or canes. They must stop and reopen doors for at least 20 seconds (while obstructed); doors do not have to fully reopen and can close sooner if no longer obstructed. Door safety edges, used alone as the reopening device, are permitted only in alterations where installation of an automatic reopening device is not technically feasible.
Timing, based on the distance between the farthest call button and the elevator door, begins with visible and audible signaling of car arrival. The minimum time between notification and the start of door closing is 5 seconds. Doors must remain open at least 3 seconds in response to a call.
The car dimensions specified in ADAAG are based on earlier accessibility guidelines developed in accord with industry standards. Alternate dimensions that provide wheelchair turning space (60 inch diameter circle or T-turn) wholly within the car are acceptable. Hospital-type cars sized to accommodate stretchers (usually at least 80 inches long) can have side-opening doors if the car is at least 60 inches wide. The primary test is whether a wheelchair user can enter the car, maneuver within reach of the controls and exit. In alterations, smaller car sizes (minimum 47 inch width and 69 inch length) are permitted in cases of technical infeasibility, including where limited by existing shaft configurations (minimum car size is 48 by 48 inches). See ADAAG 4.1.6(3)(c).
Control panels must be located so that no floor button is higher than 54 inches for a side reach and 48 inches for a front approach. Recommendations: Buttons on front panels should be located as close to the door as possible, rather than near the corner. Alignment for a side reach is often difficult at panels on the front of cars due to the limited maneuvering space; consider a maximum height of 48 inches for panels on the front of cars. Various control panel designs that accommodate people of short stature, people who use wheelchairs, and all standing passengers are now readily available.
In addition to the requirements for control panels shown in ADAAG Figure 23(a):
Visual and audible signals that indicate car position are required. Verbal announcements are acceptable and can substitute for chimes or other audible signals. Verbal announcements must announce each floor a car stops at but not each floor passed.
Emergency two-way communication devices, where provided, must meet the ASME A17.1-1990 standard. In order to accommodate people with hearing or speech impairments, ADAAG also specifies that the system not rely solely on voice communication. A voice intercommunication system is not required by ADAAG. An audio system with a visual display can provide information on the status of a rescue. Clearly labeled visual displays can be as simple as lighted jewels that indicate that the call for help has been activated and that this message has been received. Voice intercommunication or other audible systems will provide access for people with vision impairments. The highest operable portion of the communication device must be no higher than 48 inches and no lower than 15 inches. Recommendation: Devices that do not require handsets are easier to use by people who have a limited reach. Also, handset compartments with small handles are difficult to open by people who have difficulty grasping.
Emergency communication devices must be identified by a raised symbol with lettering that must be readable (i.e., complies with specifications for character proportion [4.30.2] and height [4.30.3] and contrast [4.30.5]). The specifications for non-raised characters also apply to instructions for the use of the system.
In new construction, platform lifts can be used instead of ramps or elevators only in providing access to:
Platform lifts are also permitted where ramp or elevator access is infeasible due to existing or other constraints.
Performing areas include spaces typically elevated or depressed and used primarily for purposes of entertainment, including stages, arena floors, and orchestra pits. Lifts can be used to provide access to these areas and, if located on the same level, other areas intended for use by performers but not the public, such as dressing and locker rooms.
ADAAG requires that lines of sight provided for people using wheelchair locations in assembly areas be comparable to those for the general public. Where the seating capacity exceeds 300, wheelchair locations are required to be dispersed in most cases. Platform lifts can be used to provide access to wheelchair locations in order to meet the line of sight or dispersion requirements of 4.33.3.
These can include work areas such as equipment control rooms, projection booths, radio and news booths, press boxes, and other occupiable spaces of incidental use where the maximum occupancy is five and that are not open to the general public.
Platform lifts are permitted where "existing or other constraints" make ramp or elevator access "infeasible." This is intended to cover altered facilities where limited space or other constraints preclude construction of a complying ramp. An example might include construction of a new infill building with a historic facade which must be maintained (thus predetermining the entry floor level) and where space for a ramp is not available.
Platform lifts must comply with all applicable state and local codes and with the ASME A17.1 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, Section XX (1990). The ASME code provides specifications for vertical wheelchair lifts and inclined wheelchair lifts. (It also covers inclined stairway chairlifts, but this type of lift, if the chair is fixed in place, does not meet ADAAG requirements for a platform that accommodates wheelchairs). Questions on the ASME standard should be directed to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers at (212) 705-8500.
Vertical lifts are intended for people who use wheelchairs although others may be able to use them under the ASME code if a seat is provided. However, if a fixed seat is provided, the minimum space required for wheelchairs must still be provided. Folding or flip-down seats can be used. The ASME code specifies a maximum travel distance of 12 feet and prohibits penetration of floors.
Inclined wheelchair lifts, which are often installed along stairways, provide a platform accommodating a person using a wheelchair or scooter. Codes generally prohibit inclined lifts from reducing the required width of egress routes. The ASME standard allows inclined lifts with enclosures and those without. Those not enclosed, which are often stowed in a folded position, must be attendant-operated under the ASME standard. ADAAG's requirement for independent operation [4.11.3] prohibits most, if not all, lifts that must be operated by an attendant.
To be part of an accessible route, lift platforms must provide the amount of clear space required for wheelchairs in ADAAG 4.2.4. The minimum dimensions are based on the approach. Where entry and exit are on the narrow dimension, the space must be at least 36 inches wide and at least 48 inches long. Where entry and exit are at a right angle to each other, the space must be at least 60 inches long so that maneuvering room for the necessary turn is provided. Platform surfaces must be firm, stable, and slip-resistant as required in 4.5. In addition, changes in level between ¼ to ½ inch must be beveled with a slope 1:2 maximum; changes in level more than ½ inch must be treated as a ramp.
Platform lifts must be independently usable. Lifts that are required to be "attendant-operated" by the ASME code, such as inclined wheelchair lifts that are not enclosed, do not meet this requirement. All lifts addressed by Chapter XX of the ASME code are required to be key operated. Permanently fixed keys can provide the level of "unassisted" use and operation required by ADAAG. (Issuance of keys to specific individuals is acceptable for lifts serving incidental, not public, spaces used by a specific set of users, often employees). Controls must meet requirements in 4.27 for controls and operating mechanisms.
Doors required to be accessible include:
The clear width of the opening is measured from the face of the door in a 90 degrees open position to the opposite stop. Panic bars and other hardware do not require additional width since they are usually mounted above the widest portion of wheelchairs. In alterations, a projection up to 5/8 inch is permitted for the latch-side stop where it would otherwise be necessary to widen a door. Swing-away or offset hinges can provide additional clearance. Headroom at least 80 inches high is required along all circulation routes, including doorways. Eighty-inch doors, including those equipped with closers, are considered acceptable under this requirement.
Clearances at doors are specified in ADAAG Figure 25 according to the approach (forward, latch-side, hinge-side) and the door swing (push or pull side). Forward approach clearances are required at doors located in alcoves.
Pull-side clearance beyond the door swing provides space for a forward reach to door hardware. Maneuvering through doors is often done on an angle, particularly at doors with closers, and the minimum space required is also dependent on how the door may be approached. Clearance to the wall plane next to the door (even when the door is in a recess) is essential. This maneuvering space is necessary for anyone using a wheelchair or crutches because the person cannot easily move or step back while opening the door. At what point a recess or the thickness of a wall becomes a problem is not clear. However, the clearance at thick walls must be in the plane of the face of the doorway (unless doors are automated). It is also important that wall-mounted elements, including those with knee and toe space, such as lavatories, not overlap this clearance due to the angled maneuvering necessary. However, limited projections, such as wall-mounted handrails are permitted to overlap clearances.
Latch-side clearance is needed on the push side to be able to operate a latch and maneuver through the door against the force of a closer. The minimum required push-side maneuvering space also is dependent on the approach direction.
Clearance for side approaches are based on the swing of doors, direction of approach (hinge or latch), and the provision of closers (in some cases latches too). Generally, on the pull side, wheelchair maneuvering is easier from a latch side approach than from a hinge side approach; on the push side, maneuvering is easier from the hinge side than from the latch side.
Thresholds complicate wheelchair maneuvering through doors, especially at doors equipped with closers. Negotiating level changes while simultaneously resisting the force of closers can be difficult. Also, thresholds can be hard to cross on the diagonal as is often the situation encountered by a person using a wheelchair. ADAAG specifies a maximum threshold height of ½ inch, but allows a height up to ¾ inch at exterior sliding doors where necessary to prevent water damage. Thresholds above ¼ inch must be beveled with a slope no greater than 1:2.
Hardware used to operate doors, including handles, pulls, latches and locks, must have a shape that is "easy to grasp with one hand" and does not require tight grasping or pinching, or twisting of the wrist to operate (i.e., no round knobs). Various types of hardware are acceptable although those that can be operated with a closed fist (levers, push bars) or a loose grip (pull handles) accommodate the broadest range of users. Thumb turns, which are operated with simultaneous hand and finger movement, require a high degree of dexterity and coordination and are not recommended. When sliding doors are fully open, the hardware must be exposed and usable from both sides.
Permanently fixed portions of locks, including key locks, bolts, card readers, and push-button devices with number codes for general use by building occupants must comply with ADAAG specifications. (However, locks at store front gates and other security devices used only by employees in job-related tasks are not required to comply.) Keys, magnetic cards, and other devices not permanently fixed are not technically covered by ADAAG although they may need to be adapted for use by certain individuals as an accommodation. Locks activated by magnetic inserts, card swipes, or push-button pads are easier to use than turn-key locks as they require less grasping or twisting of the wrist to operate.
Recommendation: Some people with disabilities may use walkers or wheelchair footrests to push through doors, particularly those with closers. Applied kickplates can help protect the door surface. If provided, it is recommended that they cover almost the full door width up to a height of 16 inches from the bottom edge.
Because it may be difficult for a person with a disability to open a door against the resistance offered by a closer, it is important that the closing action be slow enough to allow entry and exit. ADAAG requires that the sweep period of the closer be adjusted so that from an open position of 70 degrees, the door will take at least 3 seconds to move to a point 3 inches from the latch, measured to the leading edge of the door.
The maximum force pertains to the continuous application of force necessary to fully open a door, not the initial force needed to overcome the inertia of the door. It does not apply to the force required to retract bolts or to disengage other devices used to keep the door in a closed position. In measuring with a push-pull scale, force should be applied gradually so that the applied force does not exceed the resistance of the door. While there are instruments specifically designed for this purpose (e.g., tensionometer), a device as simple as a spring-loaded plunger or "fish" scale is effective in measuring the force required to open the door.
A maximum opening force is not specified for exterior swing doors because the closing force required by building codes usually exceeds an "accessible" resistance. Factors that affect closing force are the weight of the door, wind and other exterior conditions, gasketing, air pressure, HVAC systems, energy conservation, etc. Research sponsored by the Board ("Automated Doors" by Adaptive Environments Laboratory (1993)) indicates that a force of 15 lb is probably the most practicable as a specified maximum. Considering that closing force is 60% efficient, a 15 lb maximum for opening force provides 9 lb for closure and latching, which may be sufficient for most doors. However, a 15 lb opening force greatly exceeds the 5 lb maximum considered suitable for people with disabilities. Providing automatic door openers may be the only practical alternative for ensuring the usability of exterior doors in many cases. Otherwise, the closing force should be set to the lowest level possible. To avoid any conflict with building or life safety codes, ADAAG requires fire doors to have the minimum opening force permitted by the appropriate administrative authority.
Automated doors are classified by industry standards according to the level of force produced by the door opening. Fully automatic doors, which produce the most force, are usually activated through control mats or sensory devices and are often used in facilities with heavy traffic such as airport terminals and grocery stores where people may be traveling with luggage or shopping carts. Low-powered doors are typically used at entries with lower levels of traffic to provide an alternative to manual doors, including revolving doors, in the same location. Most operate slowly, allow manual opening, and are often activated by a push button or plate. Devices that can be reactivated before the closing cycle is completed are recommended where traffic may be high. Power-assisted doors facilitate door opening by reducing the resistance force of closers. Some power-assists are activated by opening the door manually (and must meet ADAAG requirements for maneuvering clearance in 4.13.6 and opening force in 4.13.11) while others may be activated by a switch.
Push buttons or plates and switches are subject to relevant requirements for controls and operating mechanisms, including the maximum 5 lb operating force. Recommendations: Buttons and plates should be raised or flush and at least ¾ inch in diameter (as specified for elevator control panels). Consider push plates at least 3 inches in the least dimension since they do not require fine motor coordination or visual acuity to operate. Clear floor space at controls should be located outside the door swing.
Automated door closing is addressed by the ANSI/BHMA standards. In addition, ADAAG requires that low-energy doors not open to back check faster than 3 seconds and require no more than 15 lb, which is consistent with ANSI/BHMA A156.19.
Automated revolving doors, if large enough, may be usable by many people who use wheelchairs although ADAAG requires that a revolving door not be the only means of passage at an accessible entrance [4.13.2]. An alternate door in full compliance with 4.13 is considered necessary since some people with disabilities may be uncertain of their usability or may not move quickly enough to use them. (Life safety codes also usually require a secondary swing door). While manufacturers have developed safety criteria, the industry safety code for automated doors referenced by ADAAG does not currently address revolving doors, and certain questions remain, such as the appropriate maximum speed.
Research sponsored by the Board ("Automated Doors" by Adaptive Environments Laboratory (1993)) indicates that automated revolving doors, in order to be wheelchair accessible, must have a diameter of at least 10 to 12 feet depending on the number of compartments so that each compartment provides clear floor space at least 30 by 48 inches. Other recommendations from this study include:
ADAAG specifications for the number of public entrances that must be accessible are based on several criteria. Public entrances includes those that serve visitors, employees, or both, and any other entrances except loading and service entrances. Service entrances are required to be accessible where they are the only entrance to a facility.
Public entrances must be accessible according to two sets of criteria that must be met separately:
1) the minimum number of accessible building or facility entrances must equal or exceed the number of required exits or 50% the number of public entrances (whichever is greater); and
- at least one entrance to each separate tenancy is accessible
- at least one accessible entrance serves the ground floor; and
- main or primary entrances are accessible where feasible
2) in addition, at least one entrance must be accessible to each of the following where provided:
- enclosed parking garages with direct pedestrian access
- each pedestrian tunnel
- each elevated walkway
Scoping for entrances is based in part on the number of exits required by the applicable building or life safety code. This is required to the extent possible under the intended number of entrances; this provision does not require an increase in the total number of entrances planned for a facility. Sometimes a required exit is designed to be used only as an exit and not as an entrance; in such instances there is no operating hardware on the exterior. ADAAG does not require that this exit also be planned as an entrance.
At least one entrance to each tenancy, such as retail and service establishments of a strip shopping center, must be accessible. This is required even where it would increase the minimum number above the number of required exits or 50% of facility entrances.
Those entrances intended to serve a majority of visitors or employees are required to be part of the minimum number made accessible to the extent "feasible." This requirement for accessible primary entrances helps ensure that accessible entrance routes coincide with those intended for the general public.
At least one entrance that serves enclosed parking garages, pedestrian tunnels, or elevated walkways must be accessible where such connections are provided. This is not intended to increase the number of entrances planned where a building entrance serves more than one of these spaces. Direct connections to transportation facilities are also required to be accessible.
If service entrances are the only type of entrance provided at a facility, such as a garage or warehouse, then they must be accessible in the amount specified for public entrances. Otherwise, service entrances cannot count toward the number of entrances required to be accessible.
Where not all public entrances are accessible, accessible entrances must be designated by the access symbol [4.30.7]. This includes entrances made accessible as part of an alteration or addition. Directional signage is required at inaccessible public entrances. Signage should be located to minimize backtracking. (In some cases, this may mean signage at the beginning of a route, not just at the entrance). Directional signage must meet requirements for character proportion [4.30.2] and height [4.30.3], sign finish and contrast [4.30.5] and should include the access symbol [4.30.7].
Drinking fountains and water coolers accessible to people who use wheelchairs may be too low for people with a limited ability to bend or stoop. ADAAG requires access for both user groups. Specifications in 4.15 address wheelchair access. Units that meet conventional industry standards are acceptable for providing access to people who have difficulty bending or stooping.
ADAAG covers fixed units where they are provided. Fixed units are not required over units that are not fixed. Where non-fixed units are provided instead, consideration should be given to their usability by people who use wheelchairs and those who may have difficulty bending or stooping. Non-fixed units, such as bottled water coolers, are recognized as an option in providing additional access where only one fixed unit is provided on a floor.
ADAAG does not specify the number of fixtures a building must have. Instead it requires access based on the number provided on each floor so that half (50%) are accessible to people who use wheelchairs. Recommendation: Where an odd number of units is provided on a floor, one should round up to the next higher whole number in determining the number that provide wheelchair access.
Where only one fixed unit is intended on a floor, dual access can be provided by:
Recommendation: While other methods may be possible, fixed units are recommended over free-standing units because they require less maintenance and are more reliable from a compliance standpoint. Cup dispensers at fixed units are not recommended but if provided for dual access the drinking fountain should be wheelchair accessible.
Recommendation: The 50% scoping required for building interiors should be followed for exterior sites. Where only one unit is provided or where they are spaced at considerable distances (such as over 200 feet), consider dual access at each location.
Recommendation: Wheelchair accessible units and standard units should be evenly dispersed to maximize convenient availability. For example, if a floor is occupied by separate tenancies, both types of units should be dispersed to serve occupants of each tenancy. Where only portions of a floor are accessible, such as wheelchair seating in assembly areas, be sure to locate wheelchair accessible units in proximity to, and on an accessible route from, accessible seating.
Units at conventional heights for use by standees are considered accessible to people who may bend or stoop with difficulty. It is important that cantilevered units meet the requirements for protruding objects so they do not pose a hazard to people with vision impairments. Recessing units in alcoves, wing walls, or other means of providing a detectable leading edge at or below 27 inches are acceptable.
A person using a wheelchair has limited ability to lean over a drinking fountain, especially from a side approach. It is important that the spout be located at the front edge. The trajectory of water flow must be vertically "parallel" or "nearly parallel" to the face of the unit. Since rounded or oval bowls may not have a "front edge," a three inch distance is specified; the entire trajectory does not have to be within this distance.
Controls must be operable with one hand and not require tight grasping, pinching, or twisting of the wrist to operate. Push bars are easier to use by a broader range of people because they can be operated with a closed hand, wrist, or forearm.
Drinking fountains are easier to use from a forward approach than from a side approach. Clearances for a forward approach are required at cantilevered units. Knee and toe clearances can be provided at some fountains by locating the cooling mechanism or "chiller" in a wall recess. Clearances below units are specified to provide necessary knee and toe space while allowing room for plumbing. The clearance between knee and toe space is not specified but should be maximized to provide enough room for legs and shins. The 17 to 19 inch clearance depth allows people using wheelchairs to pull up far enough under the unit to reach the spout.
Clear space for a side approach is specified for units that are free-standing or built-in. Space must be available so that a person using a wheelchair can align properly with the unit. Additional space is required where space is obstructed on both sides, which allows additional maneuvering for turns into the space.
Accessible water closets, including those located in stalls, must comply with the requirements in 4.16. Clear floor space requirements at a toilet not located in a stall are different from those for a toilet within a stall.
The manner of approach and transfer to water closets varies among people with disabilities. The type and extent of disability, the configuration of fixtures, and the availability of space alongside water closets often determine the technique used. ADAAG specifications are based on three types of transfer: perpendicular, diagonal, and side, some of which are illustrated in ADAAG Appendix Figure A6.
The clear floor space requirements depend on how a person using a wheelchair can approach the toilet. Unlatching footrests allows a closer approach. The 18 inch centerline placement of water closets keeps the side grab bar within reach. Side transfers are possible where space at least 42 inches from the toilet centerline is available. Armrests are often removed to facilitate transfer.
ADAAG (Figure 28) specifies the amount of space required at an accessible toilet, not the minimum room size, which must also include turning space, clear floor space at other provided fixtures, door swing and maneuvering clearance at the door. No distinction is made between floor- and wall-mounted water closets as is the case with toilet stalls where space is more confined. Note that:
The 18 inch dimension is measured from the finished wall surface; the thickness of the finish must be considered when the plans are dimensioned. ADAAG Figure 28 illustrates minimum requirements for clear floor space. Space at least 60 inches wide is necessary for side transfers and when provided a 56 inch depth is permitted for either a forward or side approach because of the maneuvering space available beside the water closet.
If the lavatory is located less than 42 inches from the toilet centerline, a side transfer is not possible. Clear floor space less than 60 inches wide is dimensioned in length specifically for diagonal or perpendicular transfers based on the approach.
Height preferences vary among people with disabilities. While higher seats are often preferred by people who are ambulatory, they may be a disadvantage to people who use wheelchairs if higher than the wheelchair seats. The 17 to 19 inch height range matches the typical seat height of most manual wheelchairs.
The back grab bar is most usable from the open side. It must be 36 inches long minimum, installed with one end space a maximum of 6 inches from the side wall. In existing facilities where the location of the flush valve conflicts with the grab bar, the bar can be split or shifted to the wide side. Side grab bars, including those that are continuous, must be mounted to extend at least 54 inches from the back wall.
Alternative designs, such as movable grab bars, were considered when ADAAG was developed but information and consensus was lacking on their usefulness and performance. Other designs may be possible under the provision of "equivalent facilitation" in 2.2 although movable or swing-away grab bars on the open side are not allowed as a substitute for the back grab bar.
Flush valve controls must be mounted no more than 44 inches above the floor on the wide side of the toilet so that they are within reach from the available clear floor space. This space can be located on either side of the toilet depending on the configuration.
Toilet paper dispensers should be located below the side grab bar so that they do not obstruct use of this bar. For this reason, large dispensers that do not fit below the grab bar should be avoided in accessible toilet rooms or stalls. Dispensers must provide continuous paper flow; those that have separate sheets or that control delivery are prohibited because they require repetitive hand motion and pinching and are not as usable by people with limited use of hands or arms.
The standard stall in section 4.17 is wheelchair accessible. Since wheelchair accessible or "standard" stalls are designed to accommodate the broadest range of users, at least one is required where stalls are provided. The alternate stalls shown in Figure 30(b) can never satisfy new construction accessibility requirements. Only when technical infeasibility can be demonstrated in alterations may an alternate stall substitute for the required standard stall of Figure 30(a).
Stall doors are required to comply with 4.13 although alternate maneuvering dimensions are permitted. The clearances required for stall doors are different than those specified for conventional passage doors and gates in 4.13.6 since partition doors are generally lighter and easier to open. Except for end-of-row stalls, doors must swing out due to the confined space within stalls (less clearance is required on the push side of doors). Recommendations: Spring-loaded hinges or secondary door pulls on the hinge side are a good idea in making it easier to close the door. Stalls should be located and configured to allow forward or latch-side approaches which provide easier wheelchair access than hinge-side approaches.
Specifications in 4.13 require that hardware have a shape that is easy to grasp with one hand and that does not require tight grasping or pinching or twisting of the wrist to operate. For latches, consider slide bolts and similar hardware that does not require fine hand or finger movements.
The offset door/water closet configuration (which can be reversed) allows space for entry. Different people use different techniques in transferring from a wheelchair to the toilet seat. Toe clearance below partitions allows additional maneuvering space and permits a closer approach for perpendicular transfers. Toe space at least 9 inches high is required at the front and a side partition in stalls no more than 60 inches deep. Recommendation: Ceiling-mounted partitions are a good idea because toe clearance is not interrupted by vertical supports
Because floor-mounted toilets commonly project further from the back wall than wall-mounted toilets, the stall depth is increased when a floor-mounted toilet is used. This allows similar maneuvering space.
Clearance alongside a toilet allows space for a side transfer and cannot be obstructed. Note that turning space outside the stall is required in the room whether or not additional maneuvering room is provided in the stall. Out-swinging doors allow adequate clearance (push side) within the confined space of stalls. Keep in mind that ADAAG specifies the minimum requirements. Recommendations: Larger stalls, such as those sized to provide turning space wholly within partitions or end-of-row stalls, will provide easier access, particularly for people who use scooters or other motorized devices. Where floor drains are provided, they should be located or otherwise designed (trench drains) so that the floor surface in accessible stalls is level since slopes greater than 2% and drain openings can impede access.
The design of end-of-row stalls incorporates aisle space into the stall for easier maneuvering; consider this design even where a stall is not located at the end of a row. Toe clearance below partitions is not required but can provide additional maneuvering room. If an out swinging door is provided at an end-of-row stall, maneuvering space of at least 18 inches at the latch side/pull side must be provided.
Where 6 or more stalls are provided (including accessible stalls) in a toilet room or bathroom, at least one must meet requirements for ambulatory access as required by ADAAG 4.22.4 and 4.23.4. This stall is specifically designed for people who have difficulty walking or standing from a seated position. A 36 inch width (absolute) allows the parallel grab bars to be used simultaneously when changing from a standing position to a seated position and vice versa. Out-swinging doors prevent obstruction of grab bars during entry and self-closing hinges keep one from having to reach back to close the door while using grab bars for support. Note that this stall is different from the alternate stall permitted only in alterations (ADAAG Figure 30(b)) and can be as deep as other stalls since it is not intended for wheelchair access.
An alternate stall may be substituted for the standard stall only in alterations where full compliance with requirements for a wheelchair accessible stall is not "technically feasible" or where local codes prohibit removal of existing toilet fixtures to make a standard stall. Recommendation: Where codes include provisions for waivers, it is recommended that a request for a waiver be made to ensure that the code does, in fact, prohibit the removal of a required fixture.
Alternate designs in ADAAG Figure 30(b) allow narrower stall widths while requiring greater depth. Wheelchair maneuvering and transfer can be very difficult or impossible within these dimensions which is why these designs are permitted only in alterations where technical infeasibility" can be demonstrated. The 36-inch stall is most suitable for people who are ambulatory (which is why the width is an absolute, not a minimum). While it is also intended to allow some level of wheelchair access as well, it is not usable by most people who use wheelchairs. Where possible a stall at least 48 inches wide should be provided instead where technically feasible.
Where urinals are provided, at least one must comply with 4.18.
The rim of an accessible urinal must be no higher than 17 inches above the finished floor. The rim must be "elongated," but a minimum horizontal projection is not specified. Recommendation: Specifying a urinal rim with the maximum projection available is recommended.
Clear floor space at least 30 inches wide is required, including between partitions where they are provided (when shields do not extend beyond the front of the urinal, a 29 inch clear floor space is permitted).
Flush controls must be mounted no more than 44 inches above the finished floor and must:
If lavatories are provided, at least one lavatory in accessible toilet rooms and bathrooms must be accessible. In those few toilet or bathrooms permitted to be adaptable, base cabinetry is allowed as long as required clear floor space and knee and toe clearances are available when the cabinet is removed.
An apron clearance of at least 29 inches (minimum depth not specified) allows a person using a wheelchair to get as close as possible to the front of the lavatory. Knee space at least 27 inches high must be at least 8 inches deep measured from the leading edge. Clearance beyond knee space must provide adequate space for a person’s legs and feet.
Only a portion of the usable clear floor space can "count" as toe space, which is why a maximum depth and minimum height are specified for the front of the underlap of the required clear floor space. The lavatory or counter may be deeper than 19 inches but the portion of the required 30 by 48 inch clear floor space must underlap the lavatory a minimum of 17 inches and is limited to a maximum of 19 inches. Since plumbing limits how far one can pull up below lavatories, space beyond 19 inches, while permitted, is not considered usable. Deep lavatories or countertops make it difficult to locate soap dispensers, faucet controls, and other elements mounted above lavatories within reach range since a seated reach usually does not extend beyond the toes. Dispensers and controls at accessible lavatories must be within accessible reach ranges.
Clear floor space should be centered at the fixture (although this is not specifically required by ADAAG). Additional width is required where the clear floor space is obstructed on both sides more than 2 feet. Recommendations: Consider locating towel dispensers within reach from the lavatory so that people can dry their hands before maneuvering wheelchairs. Consistency in the location of dispensers can make it easier for people who are blind to find them.
To prevent burns, hot water pipes and drain pipes under lavatories must be insulated or otherwise configured to protect against contact. Exposed sharp or abrasive edges are prohibited. Foam or fiber insulation with protective overwrap on drain, hot water supply, and sharp edges or commercially available rigid pipe covers will satisfy this requirement. The P-trap may also be installed parallel to the wall so that it is located outside the knee/toe space. If an underlavatory enclosure is used, the specified knee and toe clearances must be maintained.
Faucets must:
Lever-operated, push-type, and automatic controlled mechanisms are acceptable. Self-closing valves, if used, must remain open for at least 10 seconds so that sufficient time is given to people who may have limited arm or hand movement. Faucets that require continuous hand pressure for water flow cannot be used.
ADAAG does not require a mirror above the lavatory but requires that if mirrors are provided, at least one must be accessible. The mounting height of the bottom of mirrors at accessible lavatories (40 inches maximum above the floor) is based on the standard eye level range of adults seated in wheelchairs (43 to 51 inches). Recommendations: Full-length mirrors that extend up to standard height (74 inches minimum recommended) are a good idea because they serve a broader range of people, including those of short stature and children. Tilted mirrors, though not prohibited, are not recommended because they give a distorted image to a person seated in a wheelchair and cannot be used by a standing person. Clear floor space (30 by 48 inches minimum) for a forward approach located outside the swing of doors should be provided at full-length mirrors.
ADAAG allows provision of either tubs or showers in accessible bathing facilities. Where provided in accessible bathing facilities, at least one tub or one shower must be accessible. Note that where tubs are provided, a securely fastened seat (which may be "portable") is required.
Clear floor space at tubs, which is dimensioned according to the approach, may overlap required turning space within the room. ADAAG allows a lavatory on the same plumbing wall to overlap the clear floor space at the tub because knee and toe clearance is available below an accessible lavatory. If located to overlap this clear floor space at the tub, a lavatory must not project into the tub clear floor space more than 19 inches. Recommendations: For easier access to controls, is better to locate a lavatory beyond this clear floor space. For seats at the head of the tub, consider additional clear floor space to allow positioning for side transfers.
Controls must be within reach from outside the tub and cannot interfere with the use of the grab bar on this wall. Tracks on the tub rim are not allowed as they can interfere with the transfer to tub seats. Dual grab bars on the back wall are needed for transfer to the seat and into the tub.
Seats at the head of the tub are limited to a 15 inch depth so that back support is available from the side wall (which is why grab bars cannot be placed on the seat wall). Dual grab bars on the back wall must extend to the edge of the seat for use in transferring to the seat and for lowering oneself into the tub where one is able to do so. Recommendation: A hose for shower spray units longer than the required minimum of 60 inches is recommended for easier use of the shower spray unit from the seat.
In accessible bathing facilities, at least one tub or one shower must be accessible. ADAAG provides specifications for several types of shower stall designs: roll-in, transfer, and, in hotels (section 9), a combination of the two. Often a shower chair, a mobility aid more suitable for bathing than a typical wheelchair, is used with roll-in showers. Roll-in showers are most practical where shower chairs can be made readily available (e.g., dwelling units, dormitories, rehabilitation facilities). A folding seat in a roll-in shower offers greater flexibility by allowing transfer as well. Combination roll-in/transfer stalls are required in a portion of hotel guest rooms for this reason. ADAAG does not specifically address accessibility in gang showers; a roll-in shower can be incorporated into the design by providing grab bars in a complying configuration.
TRANSFER STALLS
Clear floor space is specified for side transfers. Where a forward approach is provided, space at least 60 inches wide provides room for turning. Recommendations: Consider additional clear floor space beyond the control wall to facilitate the reach to controls. (Where a row of stalls is provided, avoid locating accessible stalls in corners). The 36 by 36 inch dimension, measured to the interior finish, keeps front and side grab bars within reach from the seat. Grab bars are configured so they do not interfere with use of the seat.
ADAAG specifies maximum seat dimensions. Minimum dimensions contained in the CABO-ANSI A117.1-1992 standard are acceptable. The seat must extend the full depth of the transfer stall to help minimize the gap between the seat and a wheelchair. Folding seats can be used.
Curbs are limited to ½ inch (measured from the room floor and the shower floor) so as not to interfere with entry to the shower. This height limit also allows wheelchair footrests to clear the curb so that a person using a wheelchair can partially pull into the stall for transfer to the seat.
Lavatories can be located within the clear floor space (as shown in ADAAG Figure 35). Recommendation: Placing them beyond this space however can provide easier maneuvering to and from the shower. When a seat is provided in a roll-in shower, it must be a folding seat. Recommendation: Twelve inches of additional clear floor space at the seat will facilitate side transfers.
Controls and shower units can be located on any wall but where a folding seat is provided they must be located to be within reach of a person on the seat. Grab bars are configured differently in showers with seats so that a person can lean back against the wall for support. The dimensions for seats in 36 inch stalls are appropriate for seats in roll-in showers as well.
Curbs are not permitted at roll-in showers. A slope up to 2 % is allowed for drainage.
Building codes, plumbing codes, or health regulations in force locally define the number and type of toilet/bathing facilities (and fixtures) required in a building or facility. ADAAG requires access to toilet/bathing facilities (and fixtures) where they are provided. (In multi-story buildings exempt from the elevator requirement, toilet/ bathing facilities are required on the accessible ground floor if provided on other floors.) Access is required to all toilet rooms and bathrooms provided for public or common use. "Common use" includes those serving a defined or restricted group of occupants (e.g., employees, students). Where toilet or bathrooms individually serve multiple public or common use spaces of the same type required to be accessible (e.g., patient exam rooms), then access is required to each toilet or bathroom.
Where portable single-user toilet or bathing units are provided at exterior sites, at least 5%, but no less than one, must be accessible at each location. (This does not apply to units used only by construction personnel at construction sites). Portable units are subject to the same technical criteria applicable to permanent facilities. Where ramps are provided, it is important that required door clearances are available at the required level landing.
Toilet rooms designed for use by a single occupant of a specific space, can be designed to be "adaptable" so that accessible elements can be installed when needed after construction. ("Adaptability" is defined in ADAAG 3.5). This allows structural reinforcement or blocking for later installation of grab bars and removable base cabinetry below lavatories. It is not intended to include moving walls, relocating plumbing, replacing fixtures, widening door frames, or other work more appropriately addressed in design and construction. Rooms need to be designed to provide required clear floor space at fixtures, turning space, and door clearance.
Single-user toilet rooms offer benefits to people who use attendants and are a good consideration in occupancies with high traffic, such as shopping centers and airport terminals. In certain occupancies, model codes actually require unisex toilet rooms. Accessible unisex restrooms cannot be used as a substitute for accessible multi-user restrooms (except in alterations where making existing restrooms fully accessible is not technically feasible).
In alterations, access is required where toilet or bathing facilities are altered. Compliance is governed by the scope of work and can be followed on an element-by-element basis unless the work, when taken together, amounts to a full alteration of the space. For example, if the work is limited to specific elements, such as replacement of a lavatory and floor coverings, then at a minimum each altered element must comply with ADAAG. Work broader in scope that may include such things as reconfiguration of walls and plumbed fixtures, generally requires full room access. Restroom accessibility is also required as part of a "path of travel" to altered primary function areas to the extent it is not disproportionate to the overall cost.
ADAAG does not specify room dimensions; these vary according to the number and configuration of fixtures, room layout, and the way various spatial requirements are met. For single-user toilet rooms, key considerations include the configuration of water closets and lavatories, clear floor spaces required at fixtures, turning space, the location and swing of doors, and maneuvering space at doors. An important consideration is whether or not space for side transfers is provided. Doors can swing into the turning space but not the clear floor space required at fixtures.
ADAAG provides technical specifications for both "lavatories" and "sinks." Requirements for lavatories in ADAAG 4.19 apply to fixtures for hand washing in toilet or bathing facilities. Fixtures provided for other purposes, such as dish washing, are con